What characterizes a vertical photo in aerial photography?

A vertical photo in aerial photography is characterized by the camera looking directly down at the landscape. This perpendicular orientation provides a straightforward perspective of the ground, allowing for a true representation of the area captured. This method minimizes distortion and ensures that features on the ground are presented in their actual positions. Such images are particularly useful for mapping, surveying, and analyzing land use because they provide a clear view without the complications that can arise from oblique angles.

Other choices imply different perspectives or altitudes that do not align with the vertical photography definition. Wide-angle captures can result in distortion, angled cameras do not provide the direct overhead view needed for accurate measurements, and low altitude alone does not define the characteristics of a vertical photograph.