What is a Z-value in the context of geographic information systems?

In the context of geographic information systems (GIS), a Z-value represents the elevation of a specific point defined by its x/y coordinates on a map. This vertical component is essential for depicting three-dimensional aspects of the terrain and understanding the topography of an area. By assigning a Z-value to each pair of x/y coordinates, GIS allows for the creation of digital elevation models (DEMs) and the analysis of various geographical phenomena, such as watershed management and urban planning.

The other choices refer to data types that involve attributes or characteristics of locations but do not pertain to the elevation aspect. Temperature, population density, and time zones are important geographic measurements but do not capture the three-dimensional elevation context that a Z-value provides.